Meanwhile, the crystal orientation of 2D perovskite films prepared by hot casting shows a special orientation perpendicular to the glass substrate, which can significantly facilitate efficient charge transport. systematically researched hot-casting methods in preparing RP PSCs based on the PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer (HTL) and obtained cells with the PCE of 12.51% and V oc of ∼1 V ( Tsai et al., 2016). It is widely recognized that crystallization, phase distribution, and orientation profiles of 2D perovskite have critical influences on charge carrier dynamics and thus the performance of PSCs. The optimized device without encapsulation could retain 94% of the initial PCE for more than 3,000 h after being stored under ambient conditions.įurther researches on 2D perovskite have revealed that different preparation processes for 2D perovskite show significant effect on the crystallization kinetics and the crystal orientation of the resulted 2D perovskite films. (2021) also reported multifunctional interface engineering by employing guanidinium bromide (GABr) to optimize the secondary crystallization process, realizing a PCE value of 19.3% for 2D PSCs under AM 1.5G illumination. In 2019, Zhao et al ( Ke et al., 2019) broke the PCE records of 2D PSCs by achieving the PCE of 18.48% for (GA)(MA) 3Pb 3I 10 perovskite, with improved ambient stabilities. Zhang et al ( Wu et al., 2019a) reported the 2D (BA) 2(MA) 3Pb 4I 13 PSCs with the PCE of 17.26% by developing a slow post-annealing (SPA) process. Fortunately, tremendous efforts have been taken to develop high-performance 2D RPP PSCs. The improving stability against the ambient environment in 2D RPP perovskites is therefore at the cost of relatively low performance compared to their 3D counterparts. However, 2D RPP perovskites show restricted charge transport, originated from the quantum and confinement effect of 2D RPP perovskites. Their hydrophobic organic spacer cations are resistant to the moisture impregnation ( Saparov and Mitzi, 2016 Yang et al., 2016 Etgar, 2018). RPPs are conventionally denoted as (RNH 3) 2A n-1M nX 3n+1, where RNH 3 represents bulky aliphatic or aromatic alkylammoniums, for example, butylammonium (BA +), iso-BA +, and phenethylammonium (PEA +) A is the cation M is the metal ion and X is the halide ion. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesdon–Popper perovskites (RPPs) have become promising alternatives to 3D perovskite in terms of stability. The inherent instabilities of perovskite are becoming a bottleneck for the practical application of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Metal-halide perovskites have attracted tremendous attention as revolutionary photovoltaic materials owing to their remarkable electronic and optoelectronic properties such as high absorption coefficient, tunable bandgaps, long carrier diffusion length, and solution-processed and low-cost potential. It is found that the S-shaped current–voltage behavior is related to the lower dimensional phase distribution and crystallinity at the bottom interface of the RP perovskite layer, and the S-shaped distortion is less severe after the device ageing test. Although the PCE is much higher than the control device fabricated on PEDOT:PSS, a significant S-shaped current–voltage behavior is observed in these NiO x-based devices. The champion device shows a V oc of 1.21 V and a short current density (J sc) of 17.14 mA/cm 2, leading to an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.7%. The two-dimensional perovskite solar cells are fabricated with NiO x as the hole transport layer (HTL), which leads to significantly high open-circuit voltage (V oc). We report our investigation on the S-shaped current–voltage characteristics in a hot-casting–processed (BA) 2 (MA) 3Pb 4I 13 Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite solar cell. School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.Hong Zhong, Renlai Zhou, Xiaoqing Wu, Xiaoyun Lin, Ya Wang, Qian Li and Hang Zhou*
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